Cervical Cancer Awareness Month: Does cervical cancer affect fertility among women?

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According to World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women globally. Its effects can go beyond the diagnosis, impacting other aspects of health including fertility.

Every year, January is observed as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month to facilitate conversations and raise awareness about causes, symptoms, effects and treatment of the condition.

Link between cervical cancer and fertility

Among patients of child-bearing age, the crucial topic of whether cervical cancer impacts fertility frequently comes up.

Dr Shishir N. Shetty, Senior Consultant - Surgical Oncology, Fortis Hiranandani Hospital, Vashi, says, "Depending on the cancer's stage, the kind of treatment needed and the patient's general condition, the answer is complicated."

"Although a woman's reproductive health may be impacted by the measures taken to control and remove the illness, fertility-preserving techniques like a cone biopsy or a trachelectomy (removal of the cervix while leaving the uterus intact) may be options for early-stage cervical cancer. Many women are able to conceive and carry a pregnancy to term because of these procedures. However, problems including premature labour or cervical insufficiency are more likely to occur," he further explains.

However, treatment for advanced stages of cervical cancer can significantly affect fertility.

Explaining the same, Dr Shetty says, "More severe therapies like chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a hysterectomy (uterine removal) are required for advanced stages of cervical cancer. The mainstay of treatment for cervical cancer, especially when it has progressed, is radiation. It targets and eliminates cancer cells using high-energy radiation, frequently in conjunction with chemotherapy for maximum efficacy. Radiation therapy poses serious hazards to fertility even if it can save lives. Depending on the medications and dosage, chemotherapy may also affect ovarian function."

Beyond the physical effects, a woman's reproductive decisions may also be impacted by the emotional and psychological toll of receiving a cervical cancer diagnosis and undergoing treatment.

Fertility preservation techniques

"For people who had dreamed of having biological children in the future, the possibility of infertility can be upsetting. New developments in fertility preservation methods, such freezing eggs or embryos, provide hope to lessen this. Before starting treatment, a fertility doctor should be consulted about these techniques," suggests Dr Shetty.

"Additionally, counselling programs and support groups are crucial in assisting women in overcoming the psychological difficulties brought on by infertility loss. Maintaining open lines of communication with medical professionals guarantees that patients are aware of all of their options and the possible consequences of the treatments they select," he further states.

Preventing cervical cancer

Regular screenings and early diagnosis are key to preventing, detecting and treating cervical cancer.

"The most effective method for preventing cervical cancer and maintaining fertility is still early identification with routine Pap screenings and HPV testing. Another successful preventive strategy is vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a major contributor to cervical cancer," informs Dr Shetty.

Also Read: Cervical Health Awareness Month: Why a healthy cervix is important for a successful pregnancy

Advances in medical research and early detection offer optimism, even though cervical cancer therapies may affect fertility.

Disclaimer: This is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. Kindly consult a qualified medical expert for personalised guidance.